Cas:1406-16-2 vitamin D powder
| product name |
Vitamin D |
| cas number |
1406-16-2 |
| apperance |
White powder |
| Density |
1.0±0.1 g/cm3 |
| MF |
C27H44O |
| MW |
384.638 |
Vitamin D (VD for short) is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is a cyclopentane polyhydrophenanthrene compound. It is a group of vitamins that are structurally related to sterols and can prevent rickets in function. The most important ones are vitamin D3 and D2. The former is formed by ultraviolet radiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol under human skin. The latter is formed by ultraviolet radiation of ergosterol contained in plants or yeast. The main function of vitamin D is to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus by small intestinal mucosal cells. The absorption of calcium ions in the intestine requires a calcium-binding protein. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can induce the synthesis of this protein and promote the absorption of Ca2+. It can also promote the renewal of calcium salts and the formation of new bone, as well as the absorption of phosphorus and renal tubular cells. The reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus can increase blood calcium and phosphorus concentration, which is conducive to new bone formation and calcification.
In addition, vitamin D also promotes the growth and differentiation of skin cells and regulates immune function. Adults who are often exposed to sunlight will not cause deficiency diseases. Infants, pregnant women, nursing mothers and the elderly who do not often go outdoors should increase the daily supply of vitamin D to 10μg (equivalent to 400 international units). Children who lack vitamin D can suffer from rickets, and adults suffer from osteomalacia.
Regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
The main role of vitamin D is to regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism, promote calcium and phosphorus absorption and bone calcification in the intestine, and maintain the balance of blood calcium and blood phosphorus. Active vitamin D acts on the nucleus of small intestinal mucosal cells to promote the biosynthesis of calcineurin. Calcalcin and calcium combine to form a soluble complex, thereby accelerating the absorption of calcium. Vitamin D promotes the absorption of phosphorus, possibly indirectly by promoting the absorption of calcium. Therefore, the total effect of active vitamin D on calcium and phosphorus metabolism is to increase blood calcium and blood phosphorus, so that the levels of plasma calcium and plasma phosphorus reach a degree of saturation. It is beneficial for calcium and phosphorus to be deposited on bone tissue in the form of bone salt to promote bone tissue calcification.
Promote bone growth
Vitamin D3 can promote bone calcification by increasing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine. Even if the absorption of the small intestine does not increase, it can still promote the deposition of bone salt, which may be the result of vitamin D3 allowing Ca2+ to enter the bone tissue through the osteoblast membrane. The lack of VD3 can lead to calcium absorption and bone mineralization barriers, causing rickets. Children who are short of sun exposure for a long time can easily lead to poor bone growth due to insufficient bone calcification. Simply increasing the calcium in food, if vitamin D3 is insufficient, still can not meet the requirements of bone calcification. But 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a dual effect on bone tissue. The biological dose of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can increase the activity of osteoblasts and increase the number of osteoblasts. If the physiological dose is exceeded, it can increase the activity of osteoclasts.
Regulate cell growth and differentiation
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a regulatory effect on the growth and differentiation of leukemia cells, tumor cells and skin cells. For example, after fresh cells from patients with myeloid leukemia are treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the proliferation of white blood cells is inhibited and differentiation is induced. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 can also differentiate normal human myeloid cells into macrophages and monocytes, which may be a part of its regulation of immune function. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 also has obvious anti-proliferation and differentiation-inducing effects on other tumor cells. For example, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can reduce the size of sarcoma cells planted in mice, and significantly inhibit the growth of colon cancer and melanoma plants in mice. It has inhibitory effect on primary breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, bone marrow tumor cells, etc. In addition, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can also accelerate the release of tumor necrosis factor from macrophages, which has a wide range of anti-tumor effects. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and skin fibroblasts and induce their differentiation. Therefore, it is speculated that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may have a therapeutic effect on some hyperproliferative skin diseases.
Regulate immune function
Vitamin D has immunomodulatory effects and is a good selective immunomodulator. When the body's immune function is in a suppressed state, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 mainly enhances the functions of monocytes and macrophages, thereby enhancing immune function. When the body's immune function is abnormally increased, it inhibits activated T and B Lymphocytes proliferate to maintain immune balance. The main mechanisms of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on immune function regulation are: 1 through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor mediated; 2 by inhibiting promonocyte proliferation and indirectly stimulate monocyte proliferation and promote monocytes The cells are transformed into macrophages with phagocytosis. It has a certain effect in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune cerebromedullitis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.
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